Kibbitzer 17

Closely related or deeply related?


This revision is from an essay by a Japanese-speaking student of education..

Original>Revision
The situation . . . is deeply related to Japan's internationalization.The situation is closely related to Japan's internationalization

A concordance of 20 citations from New Scientist for related in the immediate right context of *ly shows at a glance the dominance of closely as an intensifier (citations 2-13), and also, incidentally distantly (16) as its opposite. The basis for the collocation would appear to lie in the closeness/distance metaphor for human relationships: a mother or a brother is closer in the structure of the family than a great-uncle: and by extension species relationshiops, an ape being more closely related to a human being than to a parrot. The concordance shows also alternatives to closely that could be used in this text: directly and intimately, both of which appear to derive from similar metaphors.
 1 inction of Gigantopithecus may be causally related. Did "erect man" encounter the giant ap
 2 it occurs in the same place as the closely related P. mooreana and P. tohiveana, both of w
 3               The French strain is closely related to the strain that killed 24 in Switzer
 4 bate them at Healesville under the closely related Gippsland yellow-tufted honeyeaters. Th
 5 pedes and centipedes) are the most closely related of the arthropods. But the new data sug
 6  had shown that fetal fibroblasts, closely related cells from the fetus, respond to tamoxi
 7  really be `flying primates", more closely related to primitive monkeys than to microbats,
 8 ion came as a surprise because the closely related rhesus macaque, which is more commonly 
 9 the carnivorous P. exigua form one closely related group; while P. suturalis and the four 
10 n the donated blood were much more closely related to the woman's than the strains found i
11  at which these reactions occur is closely related to the Sun's luminosity, a well-known q
12 is, that seem from their DNA to be closely related, are unable to hybridise. Others,  appa
13 he insects and crustaceans as most closely related, with their next closest relatives the 
14          A rabbit's heart rate is directly related to stress which is caused by the activa
15 ssed per unit of body weight, was directly related to the average distance run each day in
16 blance to spiders, they are only distantly related to them. They are in fact unlike any ot
17 d, the electromagnetic force is intimately related to the weak force, which underlies cert
18 archers, the amount of oxo8dG is inversely related to ascorbic acid concentration in semin
19 's variable velocity is therefore probably related to its rotation period and not to an or
20 e economic variable has been statistically related to others in the past, and assume that 
If a concordance can demonstrate the intensifiers that are used with related, can it also indicate why native-speaker intuition and corpus evidence both indicate that deeply is not one of those intensifiers? The following printout is of 20 citations for deeply in the immediate left context of *ly:
 1 an it knew how to sell, and was now deeply affected by the recession. Thirdly, to create n
 2   But Agarwal's approach, which has deeply angered some American environmentalists, is und
 3 But what about those who become too deeply attached to virtual realities? Might it change 
 4 exploration is penetrating the more deeply buried Upper Palaeozoic rocks, particularly tho
 5 ap quiz shows. Programme makers are deeply concerned about this, which is why they are moo
 6 istic and competitive, but they are deeply concerned about the future for malaria. `With t
 7 atent nonsense," he says. `They are deeply concerned. But they're playing their part in th
 8 ty terrified by wanton violence and deeply divided by race, the study of inheritance is a 
 9 women or men. Technology has become deeply imbued with its largely masculine practice. The
10  Millikan refused the offer, he was deeply impressed by the astronomer's vision for Throop
11 chaeology is unconvincing. He is so deeply involved himself that it seems unlikely he will
12  interest in computing and has been deeply involved in the Nature Conservancy Council's Na
13 acknowledges, is that London Zoo is deeply involved in conservation breeding, and it also 
14  scientists, only two by scientists deeply involved in large-scale research. As the editor
15  both Farmer and Packard had become deeply involved. So they decided to take the riskier, 
16 ple's attitudes towards science are deeply rooted. For example, there have been hardly any
17 ut their lack of enthusiasm is more deeply rooted. When Jacques Caumartin, senior vice-pre
18  indifference have left the country deeply scarred.  Schools, pagodas, hospitals and 
19  grooved rock sheets, outwash fans, deeply scoured valleys and kettled plains, left behind
20 laria. Like many scientists, she is deeply worried by the virtual absence of any new malar
Examination of the data shows the following meanings for the collocation: The evidence, then, suggests that there is only a minor degree of overlap beteen the collocates of closely and deeply, and that the overlsp would not extend to the adjective related.


2nd March 1997Consultant: Tilly Warren
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