Kibbitzer 51 | In turn |
Original | Revision |
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The moral framework has a religious basis which is based on divine revelation | The moral framework has a religious basis which in turn is based on divine revelation. |
In academic writing we may want to show that the relationship between B and C follows on the relationship between A and B. Here for example, A (the moral framework) is based on B (religion), and B (religion) is based on C (divine revelation). The expression in turn can be very useful to make clear this sequence of relationships. Here are some examples. In each one, try to identify A, B & C, and the words that show the relationships between them:
Two simple questions to think about:
In the following citations, try matching the text up to in turn with what follows. The first match is A-H. Can you find the others?
A | Energis is owned by the National Grid Company, which in turn | A | was struck by a Ford Orion car. |
B | Public investment leads to higher demand and higher incomes, which in turn | B | is owned by the 12 regional electricity companies. |
C | The coach was immediately hit by a British Telecom van, which in turn | C | was related to the hours of bright sunshine. |
D | The resistance of the plants to ozone was proportional to the level of ozone, which in turn | D | are related to patterns of optimum food exploitation. |
E | VS Naipaul learned a good deal of hs comedy from the Indian novelist RK Narayan, and Naipaul in turn | E | prompts higher private investment and thus higher output. |
F | The mating systems of these animals are dependent upon the dispersion patterns of the females and these in turn | F | has influenced writers like Salman Rushdie and Rohinton Mistry. |
G | It is hard to be assertive when feeling ill but patients should be encouraged always to ask doctors what they are doing and why. Doctors in turn | G | stimulates more air movement, building up the winds in the storm. |
H | Hurricanes are driven by warm, moist air. When this air rises to high altitudes, its water vapour condenses releasing latent heat. This in turn | H | should try to explain their actions and remain aware of patients' fears. |
13th November 1998 Back to Tim Johns's EAP Page |
Consultant: Tim Johns |